المعنى الاصطلاحي

To associate something known with another for the purpose of establishing or denying a common ruling, due to the commonality between them.

الشرح المختصر

Qiyās (analogical deduction) is a valid Islamic proof. It is the fourth of the agreed upon Islamic legislative sources after the Qur’an, Sunnah, and consensus respectively. It is to associate a "ma‘loom" (specified matter), which is the one in question, with another specified matter, which has a textually defined Islamic ruling. The significance of the word “specified” lies in its inclusion of things that are existent and those that are nonexistent. This association is either affirmative or negative. The "‘illah" (effective cause) or commonality they both share is either an actual characteristic or an Islamic ruling, which can also be either affirmative or negative. As for the ruling, the legislation is addressing the actions of those who are legally competent to give a command, a choice, or a non-request ruling. For example, associating rice - the first specified matter ـ with wheat - the second specified matter - in relation to the prohibition of "ribā" (usury) - the ruling - because they share a commonality - they are both are foodstuffs and measurable. Analogical deduction involves two matters: 1. The existence of a commonality, which is not the work of the Mujtahid (one who derives Islamic rulings). 2. Associating both matters under an identical ruling, which is the task of the Mujtahid. It has four components: "Asl": The original case; "Far‘": the recipient case; "Hukm": the textually proven ruling - such as the prohibition of drinking wine - and lastly; "‘Illah": the commonality. Qiyās can be classified into numerous types with regard to different considerations. Qiyās is classified into four types: 1- Qiyās ‘illah (analogy of the cause): It is the one referred to when the speech is general, and it is the one defined above. 2-Qiyās dilālah (analogy of indication): It is the type where the precedent and new case are joined under the same ruling based on the indication conveyed by the ‘illah, i.e. its effect and implications. 3-Qiyās bi-nafy al-fāriq: This is a type where there is inability to differentiate between the new case and the precedent case, involving both of them without a ‘illah, but based on being commonly alike with regard to all considerations, except what is insignificant. 4- It is divided into four: "qat‘ee": definitive analogy vs. "zhannee": speculative analogy; or "jalee": unequivocal analogy vs. "khafee": equivocal analogy, and others.

التعريف اللغوي المختصر

“Qiyās”: to associate, to attach, to compare two similar objects, simile, resemblance. Other meanings: consideration, compromise, and correctness.

التعريف

That a detailed case is joined to a main rule in order to apply or cancel a ruling, because of a cause applicable to both.