المعنى الاصطلاحي :

Intellectual viewpoint (reasoning) that is free from any external constraints, in a way that the human intellect is dominant over the revelation and the like.

الشرح المختصر :

"Falsafah" (philosophy) is based on exalting the mind and giving it precedence over any other source. In ancient times, it was used to denote the study of the primary principles and explanation of knowledge using the intellect, and its purpose was searching the truth. It went through several stages and was divided into four main categories: 1. Geometry and mathematics. 2. Logic: which is a study of definitions, evidence, and their conditions. 3. Metaphysics: which is the study of the essence of God and His attributes. 4. Natural science: which is the study of bodies and their characteristics. The philosophers are those who deviated from the truth and abandoned the religion of the Prophets and replaced revelation with intellect. They took most of their knowledge from the Greek pagan atheists. They include: the "Dahriyyah" (atheists; they deny the existence of Allah, believing only in material beings), the "Tabee‘iyyoon" (deistic naturalists), and the "Ilaahiyyoon" (theistic evolutionists). "Falsafah" is divided into three categories: 1. "Falsafah" of the senses: it is related to the senses, and its subject matter is the natural world. 2. "Falsafah" of theory and intellect: this relies upon logical proofs and deduction, and they are called "mashaa’iyyah" (the walkers) since its founder, Aristotle, used to teach his students while walking. 3. Illuminationism: this is accessed by inspiration and what the souls receive (of esoteric knowledge). Its subject matter is metaphysical sciences. The most famous Greek philosophers were Plato and Aristotle, and the most famous philosophers who are ascribed to Islam were Al-Kindi, Al-Faaraabi, and Ibn Seena (Avicenna). The following are some of the deviant beliefs of the philosophers: 1. They claim that the world is eternal. 2. They deny the knowledge of God and the Books of the Messengers. 3. They deny the Day of Resurrection as well as Paradise and Hell. 4. The angels, according to them, are the intellects. 5. The philosopher holds a higher status than the Prophet, and so on.

التعريف اللغوي المختصر :

"Falsafah": philosophy, wisdom. Original meaning: combination of "philo" (love) and "sophos" (wisdom).